Aly traces the arc of antisemitism in Europe, showing the Holocaust as an evolution of previous practices across most of the continent (particularly in the east). The details here are genuinely shocking in both their breadth, seeming randomness, and then the systematic oppression that was heaped on top of pogroms through legal dispossession and professional and educational restrictions. The genesis of Zionism is also examined here, and while Aly is sympathetic to many of that movement's motivations given the atrocities constantly flaring up against Jews across the continent, he clearly identifies the colonial fingerprints in it - particularly the blatant disregard for the Muslims that lived in Palestine.

I could've done without the sections on the Holocaust itself, mostly because that history has already been well covered in other volumes. The short sections on post-WW2 were equal parts interesting and horrific to read, though. Highly recommend.