(Disclosure: Hilary is a friend)

Japan is at the forefront of directly grappling with the implications of a declining population, and arguably nowhere do these implications become more pressing than when it comes to work. Specifically, effectively integrating foreigners and women into the workforce in a country that has traditionally been seen as inhospitable to both of those groups.

Through an impressive data collection effort across a dozen large, information-worker intensive firms, Hilary reveals the surprising reality of work for different groups, with non-Western foreigners faring relatively well (albeit still with gaps relative to their Japanese colleagues), and Western men actually still seeing superior outcomes to other groups. These biases are most apparent when it comes to gender differences, and the results here around representation in more front-line roles driving perceptions is extremely important.

This is a very academically-inclined book, which I love but is a personal preference. Beyond that the sample sizes for some of the categories analyzed here are smaller than I'd like for sweeping conclusions, although it's the best data we have at the moment.

Overall, this book is an essential look at how work, organizations, and careers will change as populations shrink in rich countries and they will come to rely more on immigration. The lessons learned here will very quickly need to be applied in other rich countries as they begin to catch up to Japan, ideally at an accelerated pace. Highly recommend