Speccher is at pains to remind us that Germany's truth and reconciliation proceeded in fits and starts, and involved compromises that were seldom discussed, even though they left some of the Reich's most vicious criminals untouched by any accountability for their crimes, and denied some victims any justice - or even an apology.

You may know that many queer people who were sent to Nazi concentration camps were immediately re-imprisoned after the camps were liberated.

8/

Both Nazi Germany and post-Nazi Germany made homosexuality a crime:

https://time.com/5953047/lgbtq-holocaust-stories/

But while there's been some recent historical grappling with this jaw-dropping injustice, there's been far less attention given to the plight of the communists, labor organizers, social democrats and other leftists whom the Nazis imprisoned and murdered. These political prisoners (and their survivors) struggled mightily to get the reparations they were due.

9/

Not only was the process punitively complex, but it was administered by bureaucrats who had served in the Reich - the people who had sent them to the camps were in charge of deciding whether they were due compensation.

This is part of a wider pattern. The business-leaders who abetted the Reich through their firms - Siemens, BMW, Hugo Boss, IG Farben, Volkswagon - were largely spared any punishment for their role in the the Holocaust.

10/

Many got to keep the riches they acquired through their part on an act of genocide.

Meanwhile, historians grappling with the war through the "#Historikerstreit" drew invidious comparisons between communism and fascism, equating the two ideologies and tacitly excusing the torture and killing of political prisoners (this tale is still told today - in America! My kid's AP history course made this exact point last year).

11/

The refusal to consider that extreme wealth, inequality, and the lust for profits - not blood - provided the Nazis with the budget, materiel and backing they needed to seize control in Germany is of a piece with the decision not to hold Germany's Nazi-enabling plutocrats to account.

The impunity for business leaders who collaborated with the Nazis on exploiting slave labor is hard to believe.

12/

Even by the standards of Nazi death camps, Monowitz was a charnel house. Monowitz's inmates were worked to death in just *three months*. The conditions were so brutal that *the SS guards sent official complaints to Berlin*. Among their complaints: Farben refused to fund extra hospital beds for the slaves who were beaten so badly they required immediate medical attention.

14/

Farben broke the historical orthodoxy about slavery: until Monowitz, historians widely believed that enslavers would - at the very least - seek to maintain the health of their slaves, simply as a matter of economic efficiency. But the Reich's rock-bottom rates for fresh slaves liberated Farben from the need to preserve their slaves' ability to work.

15/

Instead, the slaves of Monowitz became disposable, and the bloodless logic of profit maximization dictated that more work could be attained at lower prices by working them to death over twelve short weeks.

Few of us know about Monowitz today, but in the last years of the war, it shocked the world.

16/

#JosephBorkin - a US antitrust lawyer who was sent to Germany after the war as part of the legal team overseeing the denazification program - wrote a seminal history of IG Farben, "The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben":

https://www.scribd.com/document/517797736/The-Crime-and-Punishment-of-I-G-Farben

Borkin's book was a bestseller, which enraged America's business lobby.

17/

The book made the connection between Farben's commercial strategies and the rise of the Reich (Farben helped manipulate global commodity prices in the runup to the war, which let the Reich fund its war preparations). He argued that big business constituted a danger to democracy and human rights, because its leaders would always sideline both in service to profits.

18/