Keep the aspidistra flying.

I just couldn’t stand it any more after the dipshits couldn’t be bothered to pack a lunch for their giant hike in the country. 

Most people know George Orwell for his essays or his political allegories (Animal Farm and 1984). But before either of those he was a novelist and poet. Reflecting on his beginnings, Orwell wrote:

I wrote my first poem at the age of four or five, my mother taking it down to dictation. I cannot remember anything about it except that it was about a tiger and the tiger had ‘chair-like teeth’ – a good enough phrase, but I fancy the poem was a plagiarism of Blake’s ‘Tiger, Tiger’. . . From time to time, when I was a bit older, I wrote bad and usually unfinished ‘nature poems’ in the Georgian style.
(Why I Write, George Orwell)

Some of Orwell’s most charming essays were about the natural world—toads, fishing, owls, summer, elephants. You can also see his awe for nature in his first novels: Burmese Days paints the oppressive heat of the tropics in thick descriptions, while Keep the Aspidistra Flying has its most arresting passages in the expedition to the countryside of London, such as when Orwell describes a clump of autumnal beech trees: “Nothing grew at their roots, but the dried leaves were strewn so thickly that in the distance the slopes looked like folds of copper-coloured silk.”

The characters of this novel, however, live thoroughly de-natured lives, packed into cramped tenements along the oily River Thames. They dwell, as Jacques Ellul had it, “in a lunar world of stone, cement, asphalt, glass, cast iron, and steel.” Their only encounters with the natural world are in brief excursions out of the city. Yet these little ruptures in the boring order of work and home are, for the average person, unavailable because unaffordable. Despite a vague respect for nature, he has no relationship with it. Orwell points out this contradiction when he ruses on poetry: an inchoate respect for nature, the average person has no relationship with it. Orwell points out this contradiction when he muses on poetry:

But how absurd that even now, in the era of central heating and tinned peaches, a thousand so-called poets are still writing in the same strain! For what difference does spring or winter or any other time of year make to the average civilized person nowadays? . . . It was a different matter in the Middle Ages. There was some sense in writing poems about spring when spring meant fresh meat and green vegetables after months of frowsting in some windowless hut on a diet of salt fish and mouldy bread.

The only “nature” to be found in the city are the little houseplants in everyone’s apartments, chief among them the aspidistra. A hardy perennial (i.e. it re-grows every year), the aspidistra was popular with the Victorians for its ability to grow in basically any environment—including dark, damp, sooty rooms.

The novel’s protagonist, Gordon Comstock, despises the aspidistra. He sees it as a symbol of the middle-class surrender to “the money God,” which has woven itself into every facet of life. Rather than join the rat-race, Comstock fancies that he might somehow avoid it by plunging downwards instead towards failure; he would face the money God head-on, even if it destroyed him.

Above all, Orwell is someone fascinated with the muck and squalor and compromise of everyday living. His early novels—including Keep the Aspidistra Flying—are all worldly in some sense, and dominated by their overt social criticism. This put them at odds with the natural world glimpsed within them. Nature’s beauty grows from a sense of its remoteness from—and indifference to—the struggles of our lives. Orwell never had the heart to write about beauty in this way; he was never cruel enough to let nature overshadow the messy passions of his characters. When Comstock travels into the English countryside, nature’s sublime never impresses itself upon him. It only serves as a point of juxtaposition, drawing attention back to the degraded terms of the life he must serve in the city he loathes.

Comstock’s whole being is lived within and exhausted by his rage against money. He sees money as undermining the dignity of all human relations: work, marriage, love, friendship. . . To spite it, he quits a cushy copywriting job to work in a bookshop. There he wastes his days, getting worked up about advertisements, and ridiculing the customers in his head: “A lean, straight-nosed, brisk woman, with sensible clothes and gold-pimmed pince-nez – schoolmarm possibly, feminist certainly – came in and demanded Mrs Wharton-Beverley’s history of the suffrage movement. With secret joy Gordon told her that they hadn’t got it.”

These are the funniest passages of a quite funny novel, but they also show Comstock for how pathetic he is. He never translates mental anguish into decisive action. His only recourse in a world beyond his control is to withdraw into himself. Yet in turning away from his friends and from society, he only ensures his own demise; his failure becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy, his helplessness learned. One even comes to suspects the integrity of Comstock’s beliefs: though he welcomes every setback which befalls him, he endures them only through the expectation they will one day repay him in literary inspiration (Comstock is a minor poet).

In the course of things he publishes a poem and gets a bunch of money for it, which he immediately splurges with the only two people in his life, his girlfriend Rosemary and his publisher-friend Ravelston. The irony is that his obsessive hate for money only gives it more control over him. Rather than using his money prudentially—say, to get to the point in his life where he no longer has to forsake his principles—he burns through it all as soon as he has it. Acting sensibly is simply not an option; that would imply a rapprochement with the money God.

Things get worse for Comstock. After getting booked for a drunk and disorderly, he loses his job and has to move to a neighbourhood on the absolute bottom-rung of society. If he falls any lower, he will be homeless. Yet he obtains a perverse satisfaction in these new, grinding surroundings:

It was a place where you could be happy, in a sluttish way. To spend your days in meaningless mechanical work, work that could be slovened through in a sort of coma... He never made his bed properly, but just turned back the sheets, and never washed his few crocks till all of them had been used twice over. There was a film of dust on everything. There was always a greasy frying-pan and a couple of plates coated with the remnants of fried eggs and a couple of plates coated with the remnants of fried eggs. One night the bugs came out of the cracks and marched across the ceiling two by two. He lay on his bed, his hands under his head, watching them with interest... Life had beaten him; but you can still beat life by turning your face away.

This novel’s progression is Comstock’s acquiescence of society. Nearly thirty—“and already rather moth-eaten”—the man simply refuses to grow up. No-one ever gets a life so fresh or perfect or effortless. Comstock’s mistake is believing that this absolves him of his failures, in thinking that he can somehow find love and friendship entirely on his own terms, wholly outside the society he hates. He can’t, and his failure to accept this slowly corrodes his capacity to live.

Some books are worth reading entirely for the insight they give into a period. Keep the Aspidistra Flying gives you that powerful sense that the people of the past were not so different from us. Indeed, this book shows us that life then was disturbingly similar to life now: people still want to escape the city and be among nature (with no real idea of what that would entail); they still buy and kill ridiculous numbers of houseplants (monsteras and succulents, rather than aspidistras); they have the same middle-class dreams of a family and a house (or a dog and an apartment); they have a secret dislike of smug feminists and middle-class hypocrites; and they love to whinge about work while saving up to splurge their hard-earned money on the fruits of the growth economy. Yet despite all this, the world does not end; the sun also rises, and life carries on. That is Gordon Comstock’s lesson.

Read this review and others on my blog.

"Gordon thought it all out, in the naïve selfish manner of a boy. There are two ways to live, he decided. You can be rich, or you can deliberately refuse to be rich. You can possess money, or you can despise money; the one fatal thing is to worship money and fail to get it. He took it for granted that he himself would never be able to make money. It hardly even occurred to him that he might have talents which could be turned to account. That was what his schoolmasters had done for him; they had rubbed it into him that he was a seditious little nuisance and not likely to 'succeed' in life. He accepted this. Very well, then, he would refuse the whole business of 'succeeding'; he would make it his especial purpose not to 'succeed'. Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven; better to serve in hell than serve in heaven, for that matter. Already, at sixteen, he knew which side he was on. He was against the money-god and all his swinish priesthood. He had declared war on money; but secretly, of course."

I did not declare war on the money-god when I was a little boy. In truth, I don't hold any sort of moral opposition toward money. I will never refuse money, rather, I will welcome it with hands spread wide! Yet, I do relate to Gordon. I earned my degree in economics just recently and by god will I refuse any sort of work in that field. It is utterly meaningless. Naturally, if I were in a precarious position, facing starvation or homelessness, I would gladly get a job I hate. But if this aversion of mine were something closer to a principle, what would I do? Can one afford principles and morality when one has nothing? I don't know. As it so happens, I am relatively flexible, yet luckily, privileged enough to rarely have to resort to it. But even so, I sense that my outlook on life would hardly be any different from Gordon's. Of course, I find him to be a particularly dreadful sort of person, if not for his obnoxious behavior, then for his bland personality. But it works, it makes sense. Gordon simply makes tremendous sense as a character. I am still pondering over his last act. The ambiguity I was left with in regard to Gordon's future happiness and stability invited me to imagine myself in the very same situation and forced an uncomfortable time upon me, which I will spent exhausting all the possible scenarios, overthink a life that never was, but might have been or might be. No doubt, Orwell's best piece of fiction. Cynical. Bitter. Potent!

"Something deep below made the stone street shiver. The Tube-train, sliding through middle earth. He had a vision of London, of the western world; he saw a thousand million slaves toiling and grovelling about the throne of money. The earth is ploughed, ships sail, miners sweat in dripping tunnels underground, clerks hurry for the eight-fifteen with the fear of the boss eating at their vitals. And even in bed with their wives they tremble and obey. Obey whom? The money-priesthood, the pink-faced masters of the world. The Upper Crust. A welter of sleek young rabbits in thousand-guinea motor cars, of golfing stockbrokers and cosmopolitan financiers, of Chancery lawyers and fashionable Nancy boys, of bankers, newspaper peers, novelists of all four sexes, American pugilists, lady aviators, film stars, bishops, titled poets and Chicago gorillas."

Enjoyed the journey, even if it was a flight to nowhere. It's an early work, and an interesting lens to view 1984 through.